Canna Professors

Republicans Are Trying to Disenfranchise Military Voters As part of their attack on Americans’ voting rights, Pennsylvania Republicans and their pro-Trump allies just went after soldiers and sailors.

"Phases of Drug Development The phases of clinical trials begin the transition from in vitro and in vivo cellular and animal modeling to application in human settings.

A systematic process occurs in four phases to assess the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and potential toxicity of a drug in human subjects.

Phase I: A small group, usually 20–80 healthy people, is exposed to a drug over the course of several months to a couple of years.

During this time, participants are closely monitored to determine the pharmacokinetics and potential side effects.

Escalating dosing strategies are used to determine the point of maximizing potential benefit while minimizing adverse reactions.

Approximately 70% of Phase I drugs tested move on to Phase II.

Phase II: A larger group, typically consisting of 100–250 people with the targeted disease process, is enrolled to assess for potential adverse reactions. Potential efficacy is also assessed, but enrollment numbers are too small to determine whether there is statistically significant efficacy.

Phase III: A large-scale clinical trial, often considered the pivotal study, of several thousand participants with the targeted disease process, who are closely monitored over several years.

This phase potentially confirms the efficacy of the drug and the potential for long-term adverse outcomes. If a drug is found to be effective with an acceptable side effect profile, it then needs to pass through a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review before it can be approved for sale on the market.

Phase IV: Once a drug is approved by the FDA or the equivalent governmental agency in another country, continued post-marketing surveillance occurs to monitor for adverse reactions.

While a drug may have been proven to be effective during Phase III trials and received approval to enter the pharmaceutical market, rare serious side effects may not have been detected.

A drug may be beneficial at improving a disease process but may not improve long-term survival rates."

Mackessy, Stephen P.. Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles (p. 75). CRC Press. Kindle Edition

"Bohemian Trumpsody" - Marsh Family adaptation of "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen about Donald J. Trump Well, with the polls so tight a week out, we decided to revisit US Election politics one last time, and ambitiously to have a stab at building a parody aroun...

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