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The 5 Types of Power in Leadership
By Gina Abudi | Posted on August 26, 2011
http://quickbase.intuit.com/blog/2011/08/26/the-5-types-of-power-in-leadership/

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Power means many different things to different people. For some, power is seen as corrupt. For others, the more power they have, the more successful they feel. For even others, power is of no interest at all. The five bases of power were identified by John French and Bertram Raven in the early 1960’s through a study they had conducted on power in leadership roles. The study showed how different types of power affected one’s leadership ability and success in a leadership role.

The five bases of power are divided in two categories:

Formal Power

Coercive

Coercive power is conveyed through fear of losing one’s job, being demoted, receiving a poor performance review, having prime projects taken away, etc. This power is gotten through threatening others. For example, the VP of Sales who threatens sales folks to meet their goals or get replaced.

Reward

Reward power is conveyed through rewarding individuals for compliance with one’s wishes. This may be done through giving bonuses, raises, a promotion, extra time off from work, etc. For example, the supervisor who provides employees comp time when they meet an objective she sets for a project.

Legitimate

Legitimate power comes from having a position of power in an organization, such as being the boss or a key member of a leadership team. This power comes when employees in the organization recognize the authority of the individual. For example, the CEO who determines the overall direction of the company and the resource needs of the company.

Personal Power

Expert

Expert power comes from one’s experiences, skills or knowledge. As we gain experience in particular areas, and become thought leaders in those areas, we begin to gather expert power that can be utilized to get others to help us meet our goals. For example, the Project Manager who is an expert at solving particularly challenging problems to ensure a project stays on track.

Referent

Referent power comes from being trusted and respected. We can gain referent power when others trust what we do and respect us for how we handle situations. For example, the Human Resource Associate who is known for ensuring employees are treated fairly and coming to the rescue of those who are not.

- See more at: http://quickbase.intuit.com/blog/2011/08/26/the-5-types-of-power-in-leadership/ .PksI2fhu.dpuf

The 5 Types of Power in Leadership Power means many different things to different people. For some, power is seen as corrupt. For others, the more power they have, the more successful they feel. For even others, power is of no interest at all. The five bases of …

How to Evaluate Journal Articles
[Summary version of How to Evaluate Journal Articles]
http://lib.colostate.edu/howto/evaljrl2.html


To evaluate a journal article look for:

Purpose of Article: Why was the article written? To:
persuade the reader to do something?
For example: vote a certain way, purchase an item, attend an event
inform the reader?
For example: results of a study/experiment, what happened at an event
prove something?
For example: that a behavior is bad/good, a method works/doesn't work
Type of Journal: For college-level term papers, information should be obtained mostly from scholarly journals.
Scholarly Journals contain articles describing high quality research that has been reviewed by experts in the field prior to publication.
Trade magazines may be useful for topics in business or where economic data is needed. There are also good for learning what the current "hot topics" are in an area.
Popular magazines, such as Time and Newsweek, should be used sparingly, or not at all.
For more details on how to distinguish popular, trade and scholarly journals, see: Popular vs Trade vs Scholarly Journals.
See also Evaluation Clues for Articles Taken from the Web and PubList.com, The Internet Directory of Publications (for information about audience--registration is required).
Organization and Content: Is the material organized and focused? Is the argument or presentation understandable? Is this original research, a review of previous research, or an informative piece?
Bias (of the publisher): Some publications have an inherent bias that will impact articles printed in them. Is the journal:
left/liberal?
right/conservative?
center?
an alternative press?
published by a political action (PAC) group?
Magazines for Libraries (Z6941 .M23 17th 2008 INFO DESK) identifies ideological slants for 6076 periodicals. This is a small percentage of all periodicals available, but the book is still very useful because it describes journals that are likely to be in libraries. It also is a good place to identify journals in a particular subject area.
Date of Article: Some topics, such as those in the health sciences, require current information. Other subjects, such as geology, value older material as well as current. Know the time needs of your topic and examine the timeliness of the article; is it:
up-to-date,
out-of-date, or
timeless?
Bibliography: Scholarly works always contain a bibliography of the resources that were consulted. The references in this list should be in sufficient quantity and be appropriate for the content. Look for:
if a bibliography exists,
if the bibliography is short or long,
if the bibliography is selective or comprehensive,
if the references are primary sources (ex. journal articles) or only secondary sources (ex. encyclopedias),
if the references are contemporary to the article or much older, and
if the citation style is clear and consistent.
Usefulness: Is the article relevant to the current research project? A well-researched, well-written, etc. article is not going to be helpful if it does not address the topic at hand. Ask, "is this article useful to me?" If it is a useful article, does it:
support an argument
refute an argument
give examples (survey results, primary research findings, case studies, incidents)
provide "wrong" information that can be challenged or disagreed with productively
Authority: Is the author an expert in this field? Where is the author employed? What else has he/she written? Has he/she won awards or honors?
Coverage: Does the article cover the topic comprehensively, partially, or is it an overview?
Audience: For what type of reader is the author writing? This ties in with the type of journal, as popular magazine are geared to the general reader, while trade magazines are for the specialist and scholarly journals are directed at researchers, scholars or experts in the field. Is the article for:
general readers,
students (high school, college, graduate),
specialists or professionals,
researchers or scholars?
Illustrations: Are charts, graphs, maps, photographs, etc. used to illustrate concepts? Are the illustrations relevant? Are they clear and professional-looking?

How to evaluate journal articles | Libraries | Colorado State University Use this page as a guide to evaluating articles. Is the information trustworthy? Valid? From an authoritative source? Etc.