SJK Agency

-2-002
Q1. Bill of exchange vs Bank guarantee - meaning, differences.
Ans. A bill of exchange is a binding agreement between a buyer and seller, while a bank guarantee is a guarantee from a bank to cover a payment obligation:
Bill of exchange
A written order from a buyer to a seller to pay a specific amount of money at a specific date. Bills of exchange are often used to protect transactions, finance international trade, and hedge against currency risk. Banks typically act as third parties to ensure payment and receipt of funds.
Bank guarantee
A guarantee from a bank to cover a payment obligation to a third party if the applicant is unable to pay. Bank guarantees can reduce financial risk and encourage sellers to expand their business on credit. However, bank guarantees can be expensive and may limit working capital.
Here are some other differences between bills of exchange and bank guarantees:
Risk: With a bank guarantee, the risk is on the beneficiary of the guarantee. With a bill of exchange, there is a risk that the bill won't be accepted or that payment won't be received after it's accepted.
Flexibility: A bill of exchange endorsement is less flexible than a bank guarantee because approval is required for each bill of exchange.
Discounting: A bill of exchange can be discounted, which can be good for cash flow.
Q2. What are Bank Guarantee and types?
Ans. There are several types of bank guarantees, including:
Financial guarantee
Ensures that money will be repaid if a party doesn't complete a project or operation
Performance guarantee
The bank will compensate the beneficiary if there's a delay in performance or operation
Bid bond guarantee
Ensures that the highest bidder has the authority and capability to implement a project
Advance or deferred payment guarantee
A guarantee that backs up a contract's performance
Shipping guarantee
A guarantee given to the carrier for a shipment that arrives before any documents are received
Loan guarantee
The institution that issues the loan guarantee will take on the financial obligation if the borrower defaults
Confirmed payment guarantee
The bank pays a specific amount to a beneficiary on behalf of the client by a certain date
Bank guarantees are a risk management tool that ensure a bank will uphold a contract if the applicant and counterparty are unable to do so.
Q3. Who is Banker's Bank and why give reasons?
Ans. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is known as the banker's bank in India. Here are some of the reasons why:
Regulates banking
The RBI regulates the banking sector and the issue and supply of the Indian rupee.
Advises banks
The RBI advises banks on financial matters to help them function properly.
Lends money to banks
Commercial banks in India are required to keep a certain amount of their deposits with the RBI. The RBI can lend this money to banks in times of need.
Manages government funds
The RBI manages the central government's money and is responsible for the management of public debt.
Supports government projects
The RBI supports the government in its developmental policies and projects.
Banker's Bank : Why Is RBI Named As The Banker's Bank
The RBI was established in 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
Q4. Difference between Letter of credit and Indemnity?.
Ans. A letter of credit (LC) is a contractual agreement that protects both exporters and importers, while indemnity is a protection against loss or damage:
Letter of credit
A bank commits to pay the exporter once the goods are shipped and the required documentation is presented. The date of payment is set in advance, making it more likely that the payment will be made on time. However, LCs are usually only used for single transactions, and can be expensive and time consuming.
Indemnity
A contractual agreement where one party agrees to pay for any losses or damage caused by another party. Indemnity can also refer to insurance compensation paid for damage or loss. For example, a letter of indemnity (LOI) is a promise where an insurer takes responsibility for losses or damages caused by the insured party. LOIs are often used when valuable items are being shipped, or when one party borrows something of value from another.
Q5. Explain Consequences of Cheque bouncing?. How to avoid cheque bouncing situations?
Ans. A bounced cheque can have a number of consequences, including:
Criminal liability: The drawer can be held criminally liable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act. This can result in a fine of up to twice the cheque amount, imprisonment for up to two years, or both.
Civil suit: The payee can pursue a civil suit to recover the amount.
Bank fees: The issuer may have to pay cheque bounce charges to their bank.
Damaged credit score: A bounced cheque can negatively impact the issuer's credit score. This can make it difficult to obtain loans, credit cards, or other financial products in the future.
Account restrictions: Repeated bounced cheques can lead to account restrictions.
Difficulty opening new accounts: It can be difficult to open new checking and savings accounts after a bounced cheque.
To avoid a bounced cheque, you can:
Sign up for overdraft protection through your bank
Link a savings account to your checking account
Inform the payee of the cheque and compensate them immediately along with bank penalty
Ask the payee for more time if you are in genuine financial crunch
Pay up the sum to the payee within the grace of 30 days.
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LJ-08
Q1 What are the different types of liquidity ratios in accounting?
Ans. Basically, there are five different types of ratios in accounting:

Current Ratio
The higher the company has current ratio, the better is the company’s strength to handle short-term financial issues. It is calculated by – Current ratio = Current Asset/ Current Liabilities
Net-Working Capital Ratio
It articulates whether or not a company has sufficient funds to carry out short-term operations. It is calculated by – Current Asset – Current Liabilities
Quick ratio
The quick ratio is also known as the acid test ratio or liquid ratio which illustrates the company’s short-term liquidity to meet any short-term obligations. If the quick ratio is below 1:1, the company is not in a good state to handle short-term debts. Quick ratio = Liquid Assets / Current Liabilities
Super-Quick Ratio
Super Quick Ratio = (Cash + Marketable Securities) / Current Liabilities
The operating Cash Flow ratio
It is calculated by dividing cash flow from operations with current liabilities. It is observed that a sound operating cash flow ratio makes the firm’s liquidity position better.
Here cash flow from operations will generally include:
All revenues from operations + Non-cash based expenses – Non-cash based revenue
Whereas Current Liabilities will include:
Balance payments, creditors, provisions, short term loans, etc.
Q2. What is the Accounting Information System (AIS)?
Ans. This is a frequently asked accounting interview question thus you should know everything about AIS.

AIS is a computer-based method used for tracking accounting activity and involves – collecting, storing, processing, organizing, and summarizing accounting data and transactions. It also helps in cumulating financial transactions and essential financial reports, which helps stakeholders in decision making. Using AIS for storing and processing financial data helps in the following tasks:

Measure the financial performance
Evaluate the finances of the company and compare it with the previous period to draw a conclusion
Avoid any miss-handling of data
Connects Information Technology with GAAP principles
Q3. How to perform an income statement analysis?
Ans. The income statement is the company’s core financial statement highlighting the profits and losses of the company. It involves:

All revenues – expenses (both operating and non-operating activities)

To analyze this statement, financial analysts consider vertical analysis and horizontal analysis.

Vertical analysis:
It involves comparing the up and down of the income statement to the revenue (in percentage). The key metrics involved are:
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)
Gross profits
Depreciation
Interest
Earnings Before Tax (EBT)
Tax
Net earnings
Horizontal analysis
It involves comparing the year-over-year (YoY) change of each line in the income statement. To perform this analysis:

Take the value in Period N and
Divide it by value in Period N-1
Subtract the value by 1 (gives the percent change)
Q4.Explain real and nominal accounts with examples.
Ans. A real account is an account of assets and liabilities. E.g. land account, building account, etc.

A nominal account is an account of income and expenses. E.g. salary account, wages account, etc.
Q5.What is double-entry bookkeeping? What are the rules associated with it?
Ans. Double-entry bookkeeping is an accounting principle where every debit has a corresponding credit. Thus, the total debit amount is always equal to the total credit. In this system, when one account is debited then another account gets credited at the same time.
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