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The Original Double Slit Experiment Light is so common that we rarely think about what it really is. But just over two hundred years ago, a groundbreaking experiment answered the question that ...

P-N junction diode characteristics :-
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Before we can use the PN junction as a practical device we need to firstly bias the junction.
ie connect a voltage potential across it. On the voltage axis.
“Reverse Bias” refers to an external voltage potential which increases the potential barrier.
An external voltage which decreases the potential barrier is said to act in the “Forward Bias” direction.

There are two operating regions and three possible “biasing” conditions for the standard Junction Diode and these are:

1. Zero Bias – No external voltage potential is applied to the PN junction diode.
2. Reverse Bias – The voltage potential is connected negative, (-ve) to the P-type material and positive, (+ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Increasing the PN junction diode’s width.
3. Forward Bias – The voltage potential is connected positive, (+ve) to the P-type material and negative, (-ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Decreasing the PN junction diodes width.

There are 4 laws in thermodynamics.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics – If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

First law of thermodynamics – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same. For a thermodynamic cycle the net heat supplied to the system equals the net work done by the system.

Second law of thermodynamics – The entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

Third law of thermodynamics – As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.