IAS

The Hindu: 25/6/26
1) Viksit and Suraksh*t : page 8
2) PACOM : page 8
3) Sustaining India's low fertility future: page 9
4) Passport is a travel document, not proof of Citizenship: page 12
5) NMC will phase out PG diploma medical courses : page 14
6) Investors may move to safer bets : page 15
7) AI coding costs : page 15

The Indian Express: 25/6/25
1) Market access to non tariff barriers: page 1
2) Passport a travel document, not proof of Citizenship: page 5
3) After OP sindoor freeze : page 9
4) No going back to pre war strait : page 10
5) On western ghats : page 10
6) Digital fraud: page 13
7) India eyes simulator: page 13

Jharkhand continues to showcase its rich cultural heritage as four traditional crafts have been awarded the prestigious Geographical Indication (GI) Tag. This recognition not only protects the uniqueness of these indigenous art forms but also promotes local artisans and preserves the state's cultural identity on a global platform.

🎏A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which correspond to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country).

🎏GIs have been defined under Article 22(1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement as: "Indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a member, or a region or a locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin

India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 has come into force with effect from 15 September 2003.

🌍 Plateaus of India – An Overview

A plateau is an elevated flat-topped landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area. India is often called the “Land of Plateaus” because a large portion of its landmass is covered by different plateaus. Plateaus are rich in minerals, forests, and rivers and play an important role in India’s economy, settlement, and agriculture.

🏞️ Major Plateaus of India

✅️ 1. Deccan Plateau

👉🏼 Location: Covers most of Southern India.
👉🏼 Boundaries:
West: Western Ghats ⛰️
East: Eastern Ghats 🌄
North: Satpura & Vindhya ranges 🏔️
👉🏼 Features:
Triangular-shaped plateau.
Composed mainly of igneous rocks (Basalt) from volcanic activity.
Rich in minerals like iron, manganese, coal, bauxite.
Rivers like Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri flow eastward.
👉🏼 Importance: Agriculture (cotton, millets), industries, and mineral wealth.

✅️ 2. Chota Nagpur Plateau

👉🏼 Location: Jharkhand, parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Bihar.
👉🏼 Features:
Known as the “Mineral Heartland of India” ⚒️.
Rich in coal, iron ore, mica, bauxite, copper.
Drained by Damodar, Subarnarekha, Koel, and Son rivers.
👉🏼 Importance: Centre of India’s heavy industries (steel, coal mining, power plants).

✅️ 3. Malwa Plateau

👉🏼 Location: Madhya Pradesh & Southeastern Rajasthan.
👉🏼 Features:
Formed of volcanic basalt rocks.
Rivers Chambal, Betwa, Shipra originate here.
Fertile black soil – suitable for cotton, soybean, pulses.
👉🏼 Cultural Importance: Ujjain, a historical city, is situated here.

✅️ 4. Baghelkhand Plateau

👉🏼 ️ Location: Northern Madhya Pradesh & part of Uttar Pradesh.
👉🏼 Features:
Lies between the Vindhya range (west) and Chota Nagpur Plateau (east).
Rich in forests 🌳.
Rivers: Son and Tons.
👉🏼 Importance: Known for sandstone and forest resources.

✅️ 5. Bundelkhand Plateau

👉🏼 ️ Location: Between Uttar Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh.
👉🏼 Features:
Undulating rocky terrain ⛰️.
Less fertile soils → agriculture is limited.
Rivers: Betwa, Ken, Dhasan.
👉🏼 Importance: Famous for granite, sandstone, and historic forts.

✅️ 6. Meghalaya Plateau

👉🏼 Location: Northeastern India (Garo, Khasi, Jaintia Hills).
👉🏼 Features:
Extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
Receives highest rainfall in the world ☔ (Mawsynram, Cherrapunji).
Rich in limestone, coal, and forests.
👉🏼 Importance: Agriculture, tourism, and forest-based economy.

✅️ 7. Rajasthan Plateau / Marwar Plateau

👉🏼 Location: Part of western Rajasthan, near Aravalli hills.
👉🏼 Features:
Semi-arid region 🏜️.
Rivers: Luni (seasonal).
Famous for sandstone, marble, copper.
👉🏼 Importance: Building stone resources & desert settlements.

✅️ 8. Dandakaranya Plateau

👉🏼 Location: Spread across Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and parts of Maharashtra.
👉🏼 Features:
A rugged, forest-covered plateau 🌳.
Associated with Ramayana (the forest where Lord Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana spent years).
Rivers: Indravati, Godavari tributaries.
Resources: Iron ore, bauxite, coal.
👉🏼 Importance: Known for tribal population, minerals, and hydroelectric projects (e.g., Indravati project).

✅️ 9. Karnataka Plateau (Mysore Plateau)

👉🏼 Location: Southern part of Deccan plateau, mainly Karnataka state.
👉🏼Boundaries: Surrounded by Western Ghats (west) and Eastern Ghats (east).
👉🏼 Features:
Composed of gneiss and granite rocks 🪨.
Rivers: Cauvery, Tungabhadra, Krishna.
Fertile red and black soils.
Resources: Iron ore (Bellary), manganese, gold (Kolar Gold Fields 🪙).
👉🏼 Importance: Agriculture (ragi, rice, sugarcane), hydropower, and IT hub (Bengaluru).

✅️ 10. Shillong Plateau

👉🏼 Location: Northeastern India, mainly Meghalaya.
👉🏼 Features:
Extension of Chota Nagpur Plateau.
Bounded by Garo Hills (west), Khasi Hills (central), Jaintia Hills (east).
Average height: 1500 m.
Rich in limestone, coal, uranium.
Receives very high rainfall ☔.
Importance: Known for tourism (Cherrapunji, Shillong), forests, and minerals.

🌱 Economic Importance of Indian Plateaus
1. Minerals & Industries: Deccan, Chota Nagpur, and Malwa plateaus are rich in iron, coal, mica, bauxite → backbone of Indian industries ⚒️.

2. Agriculture: Black soil of Deccan plateau → cotton belt 🌾.

3. Forests & Biodiversity: Meghalaya & Chota Nagpur → dense forests & tribal livelihood 🌳.

4. Tourism: Scenic plateaus like Meghalaya, Malwa → heritage & natural tourism 🏞️.

📙 In short: Plateaus of India are not just elevated flat lands, but resource-rich regions that provide minerals, fertile soil, forests, and rivers, making them essential for India’s economy, culture, and environment.

The Hindu: 23/6/26
1)Core sector growth: page 1
2) Deadly fumes : page 6
3) The challenge of India's digital sovereignty: page 6
4) A Trojan horse : page 7
5) cameras at airports : page 10
6) Global economic landscape: page 13
7) World is moving on from paying publishers : page 18

The Indian Express: 23/6/26
1) Goyal Greer talks : page 1
2) should strong hybrid: page 4
3) Right to walk on footpath: page 9
4) ESA for western ghats : page 9
5) Economy is growing: page 10
6) Supreme Court has put pedestrian first : page 11
7) Monsoon shortfall: page 13
8) Grid India: page 13