The Knowledge Frontier

Top 5 Economists of the 21st Century

1️⃣ Paul Krugman

Field: International Trade, Macroeconomics
Why influential:

📦 Revolutionized trade theory with “New Trade Theory.”

🌍 Explained why similar countries trade huge amounts with each other.

✍️ Through his NYT columns, he shaped public debate on inequality, austerity, and globalization.

🎓 Nobel Prize for showing how economies benefit from scale and network effects.

Impact:
He made complex macro issues understandable to the world and shifted global thinking on trade and inequality.

2️⃣ Esther Duflo

Field: Development Economics
Why influential:

🧪 Brought Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) into economics.

👩‍🔬 Tested poverty solutions the way scientists test medicines.

🤝 Work changed how NGOs and governments design policies.

🎖 Youngest-ever Nobel laureate in economics.

Impact:
She transformed the fight against poverty with rigorous evidence instead of assumptions.

3️⃣ Thomas Piketty

Field: Inequality, Wealth Distribution
Why influential:

📚 Author of “Capital in the 21st Century.”

📊 Showed long-term data proving wealth inequality is rising faster than economic growth.

💸 Challenged global tax systems and pushed debates on progressive taxation.

Impact:
He made inequality a central global policy issue, backed by centuries of data.

4️⃣ Ben Bernanke

Field: Macroeconomics, Monetary Policy
Why influential:

🏦 Steered the U.S. Federal Reserve through the 2008 financial crisis.

💵 Introduced Quantitative Easing (QE)..a tool now used worldwide.

📉 Prevented a second Great Depression through aggressive monetary action.

🎖 Nobel Prize for research on bank failures and financial crises.

Impact:
He redefined how central banks fight recessions and financial collapses.

5️⃣ Janet Yellen

Field: Labor Economics, Macroeconomic Policy
Why influential:

👩‍⚖️ First woman to chair both the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury.

📈 Strong advocate for pro-employment, pro-stability policies.

👥 Her research on labor markets, unemployment, and wage dynamics shaped modern macro policy.

🌐 Influential voice on global economic cooperation.

Impact:
She shaped modern central banking, labor-market policy, and crisis response strategies.

Quantity theory of money states that all other things remain constant,when money supply increases,price level also increases and when money supply decreases in an economy,price level also decreases..
The Quantity theory of money equation...

MV= PY
M= money Supply
V= Velocity of money
P= price level
Y= real output

When velocity of money (V) is constant and real output Y is at full employment.. price level depend on money Supply and money Supply only affects the price level when V is constant and real output Y is at full employment...
📖📚🔰🔄©️®️

#ګوړه
د هېواد په ختیځو ولایتونو کې د “ګوړې” صنعت له ډېر پخوا څخه په سنتي بڼه مروج دی، زرګونه خلک په مستقیم او زرګونه په غیر مستقیمه توګه له دغه صنعت څخه عاید ترلاسه کوي.
هغه ځای چې “ګني” په کې شربت کیږي او ګوړه ترې جوړيږي، “ګاڼۍ” ورته وایې، په دغو “ګاڼیو” کې د ګوړې بېلابېل ډولونه لکه سپینه ګوړه، توره ګوړه، ساده ګوړه، مساله داره ګوړه او د چغزیو ګوړه تولیدیږي.
ګوړه معمولا د ژمي په موسم کې د شین چای سره ډېره مزه کوي او په شېدو چای کې هم اچول کیږي چې د شیدو د چای مزه څو چنده ډېروي.
نو د بهرنیو تولیدي خوږو څخه د وطن ګوړه څو چنده صحي، اقتصادي او خوندوره ده.

د حکومت اړوندې ادارې دې د دغو ګاڼیو د معیاري کولو لپاره یو مناسب او اقتصادي ماډل طرحه کړي، تر ټولو مهم په کې د ګنیو څخه د شربت جوړولو په پروسس کې د پاکوالي او روغتیايی ستندردونو په نظر کې نیول دي.
په ټوله کې اړتیا ده چې دغه تولیدي پروسه کې د ګنیو د لښتو وینځل او پاکول شامل او ځېنې نورې اساسي مرحلې شاملې شي….

May war vanish, and may its traces fade away.