IT-Hub

Difference Between Classful and Classless Subnetting

Classful IP addressing follows the default subnet masks assigned to each IP class. In this method, the network is not further subnetted, and the default mask of the class is used.

Examples of Classful IP addresses:

10.64.3.51
Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (/8)

172.18.91.33
Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (/16)

Classless addressing (CIDR – Classless Inter-Domain Routing) allows networks to be subnetted using different prefix lengths, instead of relying on the default class masks. This provides more flexibility and efficient use of IP addresses.

Examples of Classless IP addresses:

10.3.5.23/12

172.18.91.33/18

In classless addressing, the /number indicates the prefix length, which defines how many bits are used for the network portion of the IP address.

10.64.3.51

OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection)
The OSI model is a conceptual framework used to understand network interactions in seven
layers:
1. Physical ? Transmits raw bit stream over the physical medium.
2. Data Link ? Handles error detection and correction from the physical layer.
3. Network ? Determines how data is sent to the receiving device (routing).
4. Transport ? Ensures complete data transfer (TCP/UDP).
5. Session ? Manages sessions between applications.
6. Presentation ? Translates data between the application and network format.
7. Application ? Closest to the end user (e.g., HTTP, FTP).

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دکمپیوټر د ژبې ډولونه:
دکمپيوټر ژبې ډېر ډولونه لري چې مشهورې يې په لاندې ډول دي.
اول. Programming Language : دغه ژبې د کمپیوټر د پروګرام د جوړلو او ډیزاین کولو لپاره استفاده کیږي او یا هغه ژبې دي چې به مرسته يې کولای شو کمپيوټر ته یوه ځانګړې لارښوونه وکړو. لکه C #, C++, JAVA, C او داسې نور.

دوهم. Scripting Language : دا هغه ژبې دي چې د Scripting لپاره استعمالیږي لکه :Python, Type Script, JavaScriptاو داسې نور.

دریم . Query Language یا د ډيټابېس ژبې: هغه ژبې دي چې دډيټا د ساتلو لپاره او به هغه باندې نورو عملیو لکه: تغير راوستل او بېرته تر لاسه کول لپاره استعمالیږي لکه: SQL, MY SQL او داسې نور.