Medical laboratory sciences

H and E standing :
**H&E staining (Hematoxylin and Eosin staining)** is the most commonly used staining technique in **histopathology** to study tissue structure under a microscope.

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# # 🔬 What is H&E staining?

It is a **routine stain** that uses two dyes:

* **Hematoxylin**
* **Eosin**

These dyes color different parts of the cell so we can clearly see tissue morphology.

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# # 🎨 How it works

# # # 1. Hematoxylin

* Stains **nucleus** (DNA/RNA)
* Color: **Blue / Purple**
* It is a **basic dye**, so it binds to **acidic structures** (basophilic)

👉 Example: nucleus, ribosomes

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# # # 2. Eosin

* Stains **cytoplasm and extracellular proteins**
* Color: **Pink / Red**
* It is an **acidic dye**, so it binds to **basic structures** (eosinophilic)

👉 Example: cytoplasm, collagen, muscle fibers

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# # 🧫 Step-by-step procedure (simple)

1. **Fixation** (usually formalin)
→ preserves tissue

2. **Processing & embedding** (paraffin wax)

3. **Sectioning** (thin slices using microtome)

4. **Deparaffinization & hydration**

5. **Staining**

* Hematoxylin
* Washing + differentiation
* Eosin

6. **Dehydration & mounting**

# # 🧠 Why H&E staining is important

* First-line stain in **diagnosis**
* Helps identify:

* Tumors (benign vs malignant)
* Inflammation
* Necrosis
* Tissue architecture

Fungal staining.
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