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What is female infertility?

Infertility is a disease in which the ability to get pregnant and give birth to a child is impaired or limited in some way. For heteros*xual couples (man and woman), this is usually diagnosed after one year of trying to get pregnant (but may be diagnosed sooner depending on other factors). For heteros*xual couples, one third of causes of infertility are due to a male problem, one third are due to a female problems, and one third are due to combination or unknown reasons. When the cause of the infertility is found to come from the female partner, it’s considered female infertility or “female factor” infertility.

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How common is female infertility?

Infertility is a common disease. At least 10% of women deal with infertility of some kind. The chances of being infertile increases as a woman ages.

SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES

What causes female infertility?

There are many possible causes of infertility. However, it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact cause, and some couples have “unexplained” infertility or “multifactorial” infertility (multiple causes, often both male and female factors). Some possible causes of female factor infertility can include:

•Problems with the uterus: This includes polyps, fibroids, septum or adhesions inside the cavity of the uterus. Polyps and fibroids can form on their own at any time, whereas other abnormalities (like a septum) are present at birth. Adhesions can form after a surgery like a dilation and curettage (D&C).
• Problems with the fallopian tubes: The most common cause of “tubal factor” infertility is pelvic inflammatory disease, usually caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea.
• Problems with ovulation: There are many reasons why a woman may not ovulate (release an egg) regularly. Hormonal imbalances, a past eating disorder, substance abuse, thyroid conditions, severe stress and pituitary tumors are all examples of things that can affect ovulation.
• Problems with egg number and quality: Women are born with all the eggs they will ever have, and this supply can “run out” early before menopause. In addition, some eggs will have the wrong number of chromosomes and cannot fertilize or grow into a healthy fetus. Some of these chromosomal issues (such as “balanced translocation”) may affect all of the eggs. Others are random but become more common as a woman gets older.

Who is at risk for female infertility?

Many factors can increase a woman’s risk of female infertility. General health conditions, genetic (inherited) traits, lifestyle choices and age can all contribute to female infertility. Specific factors can include:

• Age.
• Hormone issue that prevents ovulation.
• Abnormal menstrual cycle.
• Obesity.
• Being underweight.
• Having a low body-fat content from extreme exercise.
• Endometriosis.
• Structural problems (problems with the fallopian tubes, uterus or ovaries).
• Uterine fibroids.
• Cysts.
• Tumors.
• Autoimmune disorders (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s disease, thyroid gland conditions).
• S*xually transmitted infections (STIs).
• Polycystic O***y Syndrome (PCOS).
• Primary O***y Insufficiency (POI).
•Excessive substance use (heavy drinking).
Smoking.
• DES syndrome (DES is a medication that was given to women to prevent complications in pregnancy like premature birth or miscarriage. However, this medication has caused infertility in some of the children of mothers who took DES.).
• A past ectopic (tubal) pregnancy.

How does age impact female infertility?

As a woman ages, her chances of becoming pregnant decreases. Age is becoming a more common factor in female infertility because many couples are waiting to have children until their 30s or 40s. Women over age 35 have a higher risk of having fertility issues. The reasons for this include:

Overall number of eggs is lower.
More eggs have an abnormal number of chromosomes.
An increased risk of other health conditions.

DIAGNOSIS AND TESTS

What will my doctor ask during an appointment to diagnose female infertility?

Your healthcare provider will need to know about your menstrual periods, any past pregnancies, miscarriages, pelvic pain, unusual va**nal bleeding or discharge. You may also be asked about any past pelvic infections or s*xually transmitted infections (STIs). Some questions may include:

Have you had any previous pregnancies or miscarriages?
Is your menstrual cycle normal and regular or painful and irregular?
Do you have heavy bleeding or abnormal discharge?
Do you have any pelvic pain?
Have you had any abdominal surgeries in past

MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT

How is female infertility treated?

Once your healthcare provider has diagnosed female infertility and pinpointed the cause, there are a variety of treatment options. The cause of the infertility guides the type of treatment. For example, structural problems may be treated through surgery, while hormonal medications can be used for other issues (ovulation issues, thyroid conditions).

Many patients will require artificial insemination (injecting washed s***m into the uterus after ovulation) or in vitro fertilization (fertilizing eggs with s***m in the lab to make embryos, then transferring the embryo into the uterus).

Adoption and gestational surrogacy may also be options for women with infertility who wish to start a family.

PREVENTION

Can female infertility be prevented?

Most forms of female infertility cannot be predicted or prevented. However, the risk factors that may contribute to infertility can, in some cases, be controlled to prevent this condition. For example, lifestyle modifications, such as reducing alcohol consumption and quitting smoking, may be beneficial to one’s fertility, as is maintaining a healthy weight and developing good exercise habits. It’s important to regularly visit your healthcare provider and discuss any other risks you may have for female infertility.

OUTLOOK / PROGNOSIS

What is the outlook for female infertility?

The outlook (prognosis) for female infertility depends greatly on the individual and the underlying cause of infertility. In cases where medication can be used to treat an ovulatory condition, or a simple surgical procedure can be used to correct a structural abnormality (polyps or solitary fibroids), the outlook is generally positive. Talk to your doctor about your family history, risk factors and underlying medical issues to learn more about your prognosis.

LIVING WITH

When should I see my doctor about female infertility?

If you are a woman in a heteros*xual relationship with regular in*******se and menstrual cycles, you should see your doctor after 12 months of trying to conceive (become pregnant) without using birth control (six months if you are over the age of 35). It’s also important to regularly visit your healthcare provider once you become s*xually activities

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You ask how is it possible for a woman to have infection even without having s*x .
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Every woman should ensure that she disinfect herself against infection at least twice a week to prevent case of infertility because of untreated infection.


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