Jk Atlas Tutorial

Here's a detailed list of laws that can be made by the Chief Minister (CM) of Union Territory (UT) of Jammu and Kashmir and laws that cannot be made:

*Laws that can be made by CM of UT of J&K:*

1. Municipal laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Municipal Act)
2. Panchayati Raj laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act)
3. Education laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Education Act)
4. Health laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Health Act)
5. Agriculture laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Agriculture Act)
6. Tourism laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Tourism Act)
7. Transport laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Transport Act)
8. Labour laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Labour Act)
9. Social Welfare laws (e.g., Jammu and Kashmir Social Welfare Act)

*Laws that cannot be made by CM of UT of J&K:*

1. Taxation laws (e.g., Income Tax, GST)
2. Defence and military laws
3. Foreign policy laws
4. National security laws
5. Citizenship laws
6. Constitutional amendment laws
7. Laws related to Union Territories (except for UT-specific laws)
8. Laws related to Centre-state relations
9. Laws related to interstate trade and commerce
10. Laws related to national highways and railways

*Restricted laws:*

1. Police laws (require Centre's approval)
2. Land revenue laws (require Centre's approval)
3. Electricity laws (require Centre's approval)
4. Water resources laws (require Centre's approval)

*Special provisions:*

1. Article 239 of the Indian Constitution: Centre has power to direct UTs.
2. Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019: Centre has oversight over UT's laws.
3. Lieutenant Governor's approval required for certain laws.

*Note:*
- The CM's powers are limited compared to state CMs.
- Centre has significant control over UT's laws.
- UT's laws must align with Centre's policies and guidelines.

Forester and wildlife Guard posts PET / PST scheduled w.e.f. 15.10.2024 to 15.11.2024 are deferred till further intimation.

Controller of examination
JKSSB

India-Bangladesh Relations:

Key Issues and Highlights
Historical Context #

*Liberation War of 1971*
India's decisive role in Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan has formed the bedrock of strong bilateral ties.
- **Friendship Treaty (1972):** The Indo-Bangladesh Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Peace laid the foundation for bilateral relation
Political Relations
- High-Level Engagements:
Frequent high-level visits, including those by prime ministers and presidents, showcase strong political ties.
- **Bilateral Mechanisms:** Various joint commissions and working groups on different sectors like security, water, trade, and border management help manage and deepen relations.
Economic Relations
- **Trade and Investment:**
- India is Bangladesh's second-largest trading partner. Bilateral trade crossed $10 billion in recent years.
- Key exports from Bangladesh include textiles, jute products, and fish, while India exports cotton, machinery, and petroleum products.
- **Connectivity Projects:** The restoration of pre-1965 rail links, construction of new bridges, and cooperation in port access have enhanced connectivity. India granted Bangladesh access to the Chattogram and Mongla ports.

- **Lines of Credit:** India has extended several lines of credit to Bangladesh, amounting to over $8 billion, focusing on infrastructure development like roads, railways, and energy.
Security Cooperation
- **Counter-Terrorism:** Both countries cooperate on counter-terrorism, with joint efforts to curb cross-border terrorism and insurgency. Bangladesh's crackdown on anti-India insurgent groups has been critical in this regard.
- **Border Management:**
- The long and porous India-Bangladesh border has been a source of tension, leading to illegal immigration, human trafficking, and smuggling.
- The Border Security Force (BSF) and Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) have regular meetings to manage and resolve issues.
- The Land Boundary Agreement (2015) successfully resolved border enclaves and demarcation issues, marking a significant achievement in bilateral relations.
Water Sharing Issues
- **Teesta River Dispute:** The most significant unresolved issue, the sharing of the Teesta River water, remains contentious. Despite several rounds of negotiations, a permanent agreement has not been reached, mainly due to political sensitivities in India’s West Bengal.
- **Other River Disputes:** Discussions continue on the sharing of other transboundary rivers like the Feni, Ganga, and Brahmaputra, though the 1996 Ganges Water Treaty remains a milestone.

Cultural and People-to-People Ties
- **Cultural Exchanges:** Shared linguistic, cultural, and religious ties contribute to a strong bond between the peoples of both countries. There are regular cultural exchanges, and Durga Puja, as well as other festivals, are celebrated across borders.
- **Visa Liberalization:** India has liberalized visa regimes for Bangladeshi citizens, including multiple-entry visas, promoting greater people-to-people contact.
- **Education:** Thousands of Bangladeshi students pursue higher education in India under various scholarship programs.

Energy Cooperation
- **Energy Trade:** India supplies electricity to Bangladesh, with over 1,000 MW of power being transferred through grid connectivity.
- **Joint Ventures:** The two countries have undertaken joint ventures in energy projects, including the Rampal Power Plant and renewable energy initiatives.

Regional and Multilateral Cooperation
- **BIMSTEC and SAARC:** Both countries actively participate in regional organizations like BIMSTEC and SAARC, though SAARC has been less effective in recent years.
- **BBIN Initiative:** The Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) initiative focuses on improving connectivity and trade in the subregion.
Challenges in Bilateral Relations
- **Rohingya Crisis:** The influx of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar into Bangladesh has regional implications. India has provided humanitarian assistance but faces challenges in balancing relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar.
- **Illegal Migration:** The issue of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants in India remains a politically sensitive topic, particularly in states like Assam and West Bengal.
- **Border Killings:** Despite efforts at border management, incidents of violence and shootings along the India-Bangladesh border continue to strain relations.
Future Prospects
- **Teesta Agreement:** The resolution of the Teesta water-sharing issue remains a key challenge but could significantly enhance bilateral relations if resolved.
- **Economic Integration:** Enhanced economic cooperation, particularly in the areas of trade, connectivity, and energy, could further solidify ties.
- **Geopolitical Dynamics:** The growing influence of China in the region makes India-Bangladesh cooperation even more critical. India’s ability to offer competitive alternatives to Chinese investments will be crucial in maintaining its influence.

Conclusion
India-Bangladesh relations are characterized by strong historical ties, robust economic cooperation, and significant cultural exchanges. However, unresolved issues like the Teesta water-sharing dispute and border management challenges need continued diplomatic attention. Both countries share a common interest in regional stability and economic prosperity, making their bilateral relationship vital for South Asia's future.